지속가능한 개발을 통한 지역경쟁력 강화방안 연구:

｢지방정부연구｣ 제12권 제3호(2008 가을) : 289～302

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경남 남해군 사례를 중심으로

Sustainable Planning for Enhancing the Local Competitiveness:

A Case Study of Namhae County, Gyeongnam

이 우 배*

민 말 순*

과거의 산업화 과정에서 도시개발은 생태환경을 무시한 무절제한 확산의 과정이었다. 이로 인해 심각한 환경문제와 지역 불균형 문제가 초래되었으며 지속가능한 개발에 대한 새로운 관심을 불러일으켰다. 이와 때를 같이하여 국민소득의 증가와 함께 자연환경에 대한 관심이 높아지고 여가 시간의 증가로 관광수요가 늘어남에 따라 생태자원이 지역성장의 새로운 잠재적 요소로 주목받고 있다. 특히 낙후지역인 농어촌 지방의 경우 생태자원을 활용한 지속가능한 개발전략은 지역 활성화에 새로운 계기를 줄 수 있다. 본 연구는 경남의 남해군 사례를 중심으로 지방자치제 실시 이후 추진해 온 지속가능한 개발전략이 지역발전에 미친 영향을 분석해보고 향후 낙후지역 개발의 새로운 전략을 자리매김할 수 있는 지를 평가해 본다. 지역발전의 평가지표로는 경제 활성화 지표와 주민의 삶의 질 향상 지표도 포함시켰다.

주제어 : 지속가능개발, 지역경쟁력, 환경자산

* 제1저자

Ⅰ. Introduction

The inauguration of information society brings about drastic changes in overall society. The information society, so called post-industrial one, is very different from industrial one and is characterized by advancing industrial structure with post-tailor production system, electronic business, and customer-oriented marketing. With an increase in income and spare time, people would spend more money and more time on cultural activities and leisure. Therefore, cultural- and tourism-oriented businesses come to be a high value-added sector and create good job opportunities which vitalize local economy.

In the process of industrialization, land for urban use has been expanded enormously without considering the carrying capacity. Such an excessive development results in serious environmental problems, which raises the concern about sustainable development. The growth-oriented developmental road, the paradigm of development so far, has been shifted into sustainable one (Berke, 2000).

지속가능한 개발을 통한 지역경쟁력 강화방안 연구

｢지방정부연구｣ 제12권 제3호(2008 가을)

Reflecting such trend of sustainable development and eco-tourism activities, a thesis of this research is that counties with clean and beautiful natural environment would utilize their environmental capital or assets and enlarge their potential power in order to strengthen their competitiveness (Ferguson and an Dickens, 1999; Green and Haines, 2002; Kretzmann and Mcknight, 1993). Environmental capital includes several aspects of a community's base natural resources: air, water, land, flora and fauna. Natural resources have direct use value, primarily as marketed outputs (e.g., timber, crops, renewable energy) and unpriced benefits of amenity (e.g., recreation and landscape). Natural resources may also have non-use values, such as the ability to pass on a preserved natural area for the future generations or simply the satisfaction that is derived from recognizing that the natural resources are being preserved for the descendants. Because natural resources may produce a variety of values, it is important to consider what is the best use of them for the long-term viability of the community (Green and Haines, 2002).

Capital in the context of local economic development can be used as a same word as asset in this research. Capital is a type of asset that can be employed to produce more assets.

Forms of environmental capital include following elements as aesthetic qualities/scenic resources, agricultural land resources, cultural features, geographic setting and soils, human health/environmental hazards, plant communities, wildlife and wildlife habitat, surface water resources/water supply and groundwater/watersupply, etc.

This research is based on the current outset about the relationship between natural resources and economic development. In the past, while natural resources have been viewed primarily in terms of their productive value, communities are increasingly considering the consumer value of their natural resources and viewing their natural resources as amenities. Amenities are natural and manmade features of a community that cannot be re-created or transferred to other communities (Green and Haines, 2002; Marshall, 2001; Urban Land Institute, 2004). Good examples of an amenity would be a wildlife ecosystem, a recreational area, a historical site, or even the social and cultural traditions of a community. Amenities are usually restricted in an absolute sense, and once their consumer value has been destroyed, it is very difficult to restore their initial value.

Another thesis of this research is that there is strong relationship between an amenity and economic development. Most people immediately think of the first scenario in which development leads to the destruction of an amenity. An example might be a development project that is proposed for a waterfront or wetland sites (Dovey, 2005; Urban Land Institute, 2004). There may be, however, positive relationships between amenities and economic development. In some cases, long-term ignorance or non-development of natural resources can lead to the destruction of amenities. For example, the loss of people in distressed rural areas may lead to the loss of farms and the landscape. Another possibility is that preservation or promotion of amenities can promote higher levels of economic development, as in the case of a recreation area.

Many distressed rural communities in Korea, such as Namhae County in our research, face a disproportionate number of environmental problems as well as economic difficulties. In our research, we suggest a new model of local economic development through improving amenity for a distressed rural region. Based on a case study of Namhae County, it provides many policy implications of how to develop local economy with pleasant natural environments by carrying out  environmental-friendly projects and policies.

Ⅱ. Theoretical Background and Methods

1. Concept of local competitiveness based on sustainable development

The competitiveness of a community depends mainly on the vitality of its economy and the amenity of its living environments. The former can be enhanced through the increase in the number of jobs, especially high value-added jobs, which make the daily life of residents to be abundant economically. A good amenity would provide the pleasant and safe living and working environments through promoting environmentally sound and sustainable development (Roseland, 1992).

Three important dimensions of community, referred to as the three E's in the literature, underlie sustainability: economics, environment and equity, or social justice. Each of these dimensions needs to be in balance for sustainability to be achieved (Berke and Kartez, 1995).

As the competitiveness of a region during an industrial era depends mainly on economic factors, cities specializing in heavy and chemical industries are the competitive region with many job opportunities. The emphasis on economic growth over the past tens years under the centralism has resulted in the concentration of production in Seoul and its adjacent regions, which resulted in unbalanced land development and financial burden to counties outside Seoul Metropolitan Areas. Most counties except ones being adjacent to Seoul have experienced shortages of job opportunities, skilled workers, and public infrastructures.

<Figure 1> A Conceptual Framework of Local Competitiveness

To Improve Quality of Life

To Vitalize Local Economy

To Enhance Local Amenities

To Strength the Local Competitiveness

In the process of urbanization, land for urban use has been expanded continuously for constructing roads, industrial complexes and residential areas without considering the impacts of development on environment. Such expansion results in drastic devastation, deterioration and contamination of natural environments and raises serious environmental problems, which leads to a concern about sustainable development. The growth-oriented developmental road has reached a dead end; the paradigm of development has been shifted into sustainable one.

The post-industrial era information society would require good amenities of living and working places in harmony with the trend of emphasizing the quality of life. Thus, the cities based on heavy and chemical industries become to lose their competitiveness due to their pollutant environments. In information society, physical distance can be mitigated, to some degree, by advancement of information and communication networks. Clean and pleasant environment becomes an important determinant for attracting people and jobs. Therefore, pleasant and safe environment comes to be a pivotal determinant in strengthening the local competitiveness.

Even though local economy depends on the vitality of high value-added industrial sector, those people engaging in these jobs are likely to choose pleasant residential places, somewhat further, with their high income and high mobility and to prefer to enjoying leisure-sports and eco-tourism with increasing spare time. Therefore, those rural counties with clean and outstanding natural environments can vitalize their economy by attracting people and jobs, which can strengthen their competitiveness (Berke, 2000).

On the other hand, since the introduction of local autonomy, local authorities are busy finding out new policies and projects for vitalizing their local economy. The introduction of local autonomy serves as a momentum for implementing bottom-up approach in carrying out endemic developmental projects, departing from top-down approach under the centralism characterized by regional division of resources. Therefore, the local authorities with clean and outstanding natural environment could strengthen their competitiveness by carrying out sustainable development with utilizing their comparative advantages. In other words, those counties should utilize their endemic resources by implementing sustainable development in order to strengthen local competitiveness.

The hypothesis of this research is to set the positive impact of sustainable development on local economy and on the amenities of living environments. To measure the impact of the environmental-friendly projects, the indicators measuring the vitality of local economy and the amenities of living environments should be developed. The indicators should reflect something fundamental to the long-term economic, environmental or social health of the local community (Maclaren, 1996).

Following Maser(1997) and Roseland(1994), sustainablity is relevant at the local level for several reasons. First, the local level is where people and the natural environment interact most often and most directly. Second, local actions and strategies can often be the most effective at addressing environmental and social problems. Third, individuals live their lives in a particular place and can have an impact by altering how they consume and what they consume. Finally, in localities individuals and organizations produce things that are eventually used and consumed.

2. Methods and data

The vitality of local economy can be measured by the ratio of 15-64 years old, the employment ratio in non-agricultural sector, the number of firms in all industrial sector, the number of firms in restaurant and lodging business and the number of tourist visiting Namhae. In addition, to measure improvement of local infrastructure such indicators as total area of construction permitted and total length of road are also included. At last, the amount of tax and non-tax revenue of local government can be the most significant indicator of economic vitality.

〈Table 1〉 Selected Indicators for Measuring the Local Competitiveness

	Indicators		Indicators
Economic Vitality	Ratio of 1564 years old (%)	Amenities of Living Environments	Total area of urban parks (thousand ㎡)
	Ratio of employment in non-agricultural sector (%)
	Number of firms in all industrial sector		Total area of sports complex (㎡)
	Number of firms in restaurant and lodging business
	Number of tourists visiting Namhae (thousand)		Total area of youth training camp facilities (㎡)
	Total area of construction permitted (㎡)
	Total length of road (㎞)		Total amount of sewage treatment (㎥/day)
	Tax and non-tax revenue of local government (million won)		Ratio of tap-water-supply population (%)

In more details, the ratio of economically active population should be chosen because the ratio of economically active population is very closely related to the vitality of local economy. In general, the age group of 15-64 years old is said to be economically active population. The employment rate is another important indicator measuring the vitality of local economy. Especially job creation in non-agricultural sector generally leads to advancement of industrial structure as well as vitality of local economy. The number of tourist is the pivotal determinant to the vitality of tourist industry. An increase in the number of tourist leads to that in jobs related to restaurants and lodging, which vitalizes local economy.

The enhancement of amenities of living environments can be measured by area of green space per person, total area of sports and leisure facilities such as sports complex and youth training camp facilities, total amount of sewerage treatment and the ratio of tap water supply population. The expansion of urban parks which enhances the amenities of living environments can be resources for attracting tourists and creating wealth. As the provision of tap water, sewerage and garbage treatment facilities is a crucial factor for residents' daily life and economic activities, the capacity of providing water and carrying sewage and garbage is an important determinant to the invitation of industries as well the an enhancement of quality of life. The provision of sports and camp facilities can satisfy emotional needs and increase the level of residents' well-being. Also, it can hold comparative advantages in attracting manpower, and vitalize local economy by holding sports and cultural events (City of Santa Monica Task Force, 1999).

Ⅲ. Strengthening the Local Competitiveness through Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Namhae County in Gyeongnam Province

With the paradigm shift into sustainable development, this study would suggest a model of strengthening competitiveness of local authorities which has limitations in inviting industry due to the outflow of population and to the deficiency of public infrastructures. Namhae County in Gyeongnam is presented as a sample case for this analysis.

Generally, counties at local level have comparative advantages to ones at city level in the abundance of beautiful and pleasant environments. The strategy for strengthening its competitiveness is to set up environmental-friendly developmental policies based on well-preserved natural resources, reflecting the social trends of spending much more on leisure, sports and tourism according to the increase in spare time and income of people. Those counties with good natural resources can strengthen their competitiveness through connecting endemic developmental projects with sustainable development.

1. Implementation of sustainable development

Namhae County, the fifth largest island in Korea with 357.3㎢, is located in the southern part of Korean Peninsular and connected with main land by a bridge built in 1973. Located in the southern coast, Namhae County is a treasury of natural resources and beautiful scenery where a variety of both fauna and flora are well preserved. To preserve the uncontaminated sea, the local authorities have carried out 「Green Plan of Namhae County」since 1996. After the inauguration of the first elected-chief in 1995, environmental-friendly approach has been applied to overall public administration. As a result, Namhae County was designated as a Model of Environmentally Managed Local Authority by the Ministry of Environment in 1997 and has privileges in getting financial aids and skilled consultants.

The environmental-oriented policies include the restoration of ecosystem in river, greening wall and roof, and the implementation of green design to urban facilities. All public policies have been approached from the environmental-oriented perspective, for example, renaming 「Dept. of Regional Development」 into 「Dept. of Urban Environment」.

<Table 2> Important Environmental-friendly Projects in Namhae County

Projects	Period	96	98	00	02	04	06	08	Budgetary required (million won)
construction of lawn playground	96-99	━	━						100
academic survey of ecosystem and environmental pollution	97-2000		━	━					695
assistance in treatment facility of livestock waste	97-2002		━	━	━				1,902
construction of passing road for animals	97-2002		━	━	━				1,250
restoration of ecosystem in river	97-2003		━	━	━	━			6,511
management of industrial waste treatment facilities	97-98		━						342
construction of nursery garden of wild flowers	98-2000		━	━					697
construction of tap water in Chanseon-meun	98-2000		━	━					5,000
construction of complex treatment for waste in rural areas	98-2000		━	━					5,000
construction of eco-residential site in Noryang	98-2001		━	━	━				9,196
construction of terminal disposal plant of sewerage in Namhae-eup	98-2001		━	━	━				17,139
construction of butterfly eco-garden	98-2002		━	━	━				4,000
construction of aquatic botanical garden for treating sewerage	98-99		━	━					-
model project of greening wall	98-99		━	━					20
expansion of environmental-friendly pavement	98-99		━	━					500
construction of eco-garden of urban road	98-99		━	━					326
implementing model of sustainable schools program	98-2001		━	━	━				-
construction of eco-park in Songjeung	98-99		━	━					428
supply of wind power generation	99-2002			━	━				1,763
planning of constructing eco-village	99-2008			━	━	━	━	━	-

Source: Namhae County. (1996), Green Plan of Namhae County.

As shown in <Table. 2>, local authorities began carrying out those projects from 1996 to 2008. Climate and tourist industries based on uncontaminated nature and warm climate has come to be its base industries. The most pivotal project is sports marketing strategy whose goal is to be a sports-mecca based on clean and pleasant climate and natural environments. Green design is applied while constructing sports facilities. The lawn playgrounds have been constructed, which contributes to the improvement of residents' health, the expansion of green space, and the provision of resting areas. A variety of athletic competitions have been held, which has attracted many people from outside and contributed to the vitality of local economy.

The symbolic project is Seosang Sports Park in Seosang-meun. At first, residents once planned to build shell-treatment factories and were persuaded to build the sports park by local authorities. While constructing sports park, green design has been applied to playground with grass and storm sewer system. A series of athletic competitions such as soccer, archery and baseball have been held. With the comparative advantages of mild climate in winter, they have been used for winter athletic training camp.

While constructing sewerage treatment facilities, they adapted aquatic plant-pebble sewerage treatment system using self-purification of aquatic plants and pebbles, which is utilized as an eco-botanic garden for environmental education. It has been installed in five communities and has improved the living environments of rural communities. Also, each household can save 150,000 won per month of management cost paid if operated by chemical treatment method. In addition, taking the advantage of being an island, they built three wind force generations to maintain clean air and to produce clean energy. They are not operating as yet; they are used as a tourist site at present.

Another project is the construction of eco-parking space in Songjeung Resort Park, Dumo Park and Training Camp for Youth. The eco-parking lot is also used as the space for planting crops and resting. The ground floor being made of grass-block is shadowed by the vines of crops, such as bean, kiwi and pumpkin. This environmental-friendly construction method provides residents with resting areas and crops, and preserves clean environment. An expansion of environmental-friendly streetscape is one of main projects. Streetscape renovations to improve pedestrian safety and green space are underway. Local authorities developed the environmental-friendly pavement method using endemic materials such as stones, grass-blocks and shells (Otto, 2000).

2. Analysis and Results

The implementation plan for the environmental-friendly project calls for periodic assessment of the program to determine its effectiveness. Reflecting the necessity of periodic assessment, the method of analysis used for this paper is a simple comparative assessment by analysing the trend for each indicator. Because projects began to be implemented after 1996, this paper has the limitations of time span for periodic assessment, which is difficult to measure these effects in good earnest. The periodic time is set for 10 years of 1996-2006 with the availability of data. In addition, to compare the change in trend before and after the beginning year of「Green Plan of Namhae County」in 1996, we included time-series data from 1990 to 1996. Since there have been limitation in obtaining full data of 16 year period, some indicators show only limited period of data, leaving the remaining in blank.

General results of our data analysis show positive contribution of sustainable development strategy of Namhae on its economic and environmental competitiveness. In the area of economic vitality, first of all, the number of tourists visiting Namhae indicates the continuous increase from 1,849,000 in 1990 to 3,338,000 in 2006. Although the tourism industry had been influenced by the economic recession period of national financial crisis in 1998, it quickly recovered in 2000 and increased rapidly then.

Increasing numbers of tourist resulted in the growth of the number of firms related to restaurants and lodgings. It increased from 1,031 in 1996 to 1,161 in 2006. In addition, the overall structure of local economy changes from primary sector of fishing and agriculture to service sector. For instance, ratio of employment in non-agricultural  sector has increased continuously since 1998 and recorded 37.82% in 2006. It has been considered that the increase in service sector economy is closely related to the increase in number of tourists and visitors, and to the vitality of tourist industry.

Growing tourist and service sector industry help to build better infrastructure in the locality. The total area of construction permitted increased rapidly during the middle of 1990s and early 2000s when the Green Plan of Namhae County has been implemented mostly. In 1996, especially, about twice as much as area of construction (including Namhae Sports Park project) was permitted. The total length of road has been improved from 235.29㎞ in 1990 to 324.27㎞ in 2006.

The most significant indicator of local economic vitality is the change in total amount of local tax and non-tax revenue of local government. It increased in four and half times from 22,396 million Won in 1996 to 99,123 million won in 2006. Compared to the amount in 1990, revenue of local government in 2006 shows 14 times as much as the amount.

The sudden increase of local tax and non-tax revenue in 2004 in Namhae County has been found due to temporary increase of local non-tax revenue in the year. The local tax revenue in 2004 shows only steady increase of adequate amount from the previous year.

In spite of such an economic vitality, local sustainable development strategy has fuzzy influence in the size of local population, the working age population in particular. In 1990, the ratio of working age population, 15-64 years old, recorded 64.52%. and increased to 69.64% in 2002. Since then, However, the number began to decrease rapidly recorded 60.07% in 2006. This sudden decrease of working-age population during last four years indicates difficulties of preventing national trend of rural to urban migration.

The most characteristic feature in the composition of rural population is the outflow of economically active population, which results in the shortage of young labors in rural area. In order to retain more working-age group population in the locality, local government needs to relate its sustainable development plan with workforce development and job creation policy.

<Table 3> The Trends of Selected Indicators in Namhae County

	Indicators	1990	1992	1994	1996	1998	2000	2002	2004	2006
Econo-mic vitality	Ratio of 1564 years old (%)	64.52	-	68.93	67.80	67.20	68.75	69.64	61.69	60.07
	Ratio of employment in non-agricultural sector (%)	-	-	-	-	25.98	29.03	32.03	34.53	37.82
	Number of firms in all industrial sector	-	-	4,100	4,347	4,314	4,093	3,877	3,733	3,818
	Number of firms in restaurant and lodging business	-	-	907	1,031	1,066	995	1,078	1,129	1,161
	Number of tourists visiting Namhae (thousand)	1,849	1,941	2,208	2,875	2,994	3,404	2,576	3,048	3,338
	Total area of construction permitted (㎡)	61,143	36,591	74,039	118,393	67,723	75,058	98,916	49,038	81,954
	Total length of road (㎞)	235.29	250.22	263.76	365.25	296.45	299.21	316.91	322.27	324.27
	Tax and non-tax revenue of local government (million won)	7,648	9,791	19,508	22,396	30,474	35,465	64,308	243,342	99,123
amenity of living environ- ments	Total area of urban parks (thousand ㎡)	914.24	914.24	915.70	915.70	887.60	872.10	895.20	898.80	898.80
	Total area of sports complex (㎡)	-	-	17,264	17,264	17,264	17,264	17,264	37,509	37,509
	Total area of youth training camp facilities (㎡)	-	-	-	-	17,157	10,507	22,511	21,809	21,809
	Total amount of sewage treatment (㎥/day)	-	-	-	-	-	-	3,000	5,122	8,067
	Ratio of tap-water-supply population (%)	20.90	23.30	26.50	32.20	33.10	34.50	34.40	39.80	42.40

Source: Namhae County. (1990-2006), Statistical Yearbook of Namhae.

Same as economic vitality, our analysis shows that amenity of local living environment has improved gradually since the implementation of Green Plan of Namhae. Thanks to the investment of local government in sports and leisure facility, total area of sports complex and youth training camp facility increased in a great amount. In particular, the construction of Namhae Sports Park in the late 1990s contributed to the increase in total area of sports complex in about double from 1996 to 2006.

In the area of hygiene and health, the ratio of tap water supply has increased continuously to 42.4% in 2006 from 32.2% in 1996 and 20.9% in 1990, even though being still much lower than the average of urban areas. In addition, the total amount of sewage treatment increased from 3,000㎥/day in 2002 to 8,067㎥/day in 2006. Likewise, other environmental facilities have recently expanded over the whole county and the quality of living environments has been much improved.

Some negative impact of economic vitality and busy construction in Namhae during the last 10 years shows the gradual decrease in total area of urban parks. Although some parks have been occupied by the sports park and youth facility, large amount has disappeared for urban development. The county government needs to strive to keep urban parks in most populated urban core and residential areas so that local population enjoy more amenity of green environments.

Ⅳ. Conclusion

From the approach of environmentally sound and sustainable development, development fulfilling the basic needs for the present generation should be incorporated into reservation using resources limitedly for the next generation. Likewise, the objectives of strengthening their competitiveness in distressed local counties should simultaneously pursue two goals of developing without exploitation and preserving their clean and beautiful natural resources.

Even though the methods or the levels of approaching sustainable development are various at worldwide level, sustainable development is getting recognition as the new developmental paradigm. In Korea, implementing sustainable development is just at the beginning stage. Recently, the Ministry of Environment has planned to designate one or more cities as an eco-city. Also, local authorities began to implement the developmental projects from the sustainable perspectives.

Namhae County in Gyeongnam has also started to implement sustainable projects since 1996. Implementation of sustainable development is on going and evolving process. The data may be based on too a short time period to be conclusive. Nevertheless, because the chief's strong will to implement environmental-friendly approach to overall public policies and projects began to bear fruits. It is good enough to conclude that implementing environmental-friendly approach vitalizes local economy and improves the amenity of living for local population.

Especially, sports marketing strategies based on its mild climate and lawn playgrounds have been very successful. In the opening year of the park, about two thousand players on National Archery League in March, 2000 and one thousand and sixty players on Gate Ball Competition in April, 2000 visited Namhae to participate in the events. In addition, about ten thousand people from 169 elementary schools participated in the National League of Soccer Game for Youth on August, 2000. Whenever sports events are being held, a lot of residents have engaged in private lodging business, which resulted in an increase in residents' income. According to survey done after games, above 90 % of participants responded to be very satisfied with the quality of lodging.

Since then, Namhae County attracted the 2002 World Cup Training Camp in their Sports Park and prepares for holding big events and attracting tourists during the 2012 Yeosu EXPO. The strategic goal of becoming sports-mecca is about to be reached. Also, sustainable design and building elements have been incorporated into streets, the public buildings and facilities. Streetscape renovations to improve pedestrian safety and neighborhood quality are underway.

In conclusion, sustainable development in distressed local counties with pleasant natural environments could be a good strategy to strengthening their competitiveness. The concept of sustainability should be introduced into the local short and long-term planning processes. In the future, in terms of planning perspectives, two conditions are prerequisite to carry out effectively the principles of sustainable development at the local level. Implementation in urban design is one thing. Another is institutionalization as a code and guidance. The local authorities should prepare to formulate guidance for green design of buildings and public facilities. The guidelines present required and recommended practices intended to reduce environmental impact associated with the construction and operation of local development.

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<Appendix>

Pictures of Some Cases of Environmental-friendly Project in Namhae

Butterfly Eco-Garden                   German Retirement Village

Namhae Sports Park                     Sewage Treatment Facility

이우배(李宇培): 미국 University of Southern California(USC)에서 도시 및 지역계획학 박사학위를 취득하였으며 현재 인제대학교 행정학과 교수 및 인제대 동남권발전연구소 소장으로 재직하고 있다. 관심분야는 지역개발, 도시행정 등이며 주요저서로는「세계적 혁신지역을 간다」(공저, 2006),「도시와 인간」(공저, 2005) 등이 있다.

<E-mail: wblee@inje.ac.kr/논문접수일: 2008. 8. 28/심사개시일: 2008. 9. 18/심사완료일: 2008. 11. 24>

민말순(閔末順): 미국 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill에서 사회학 박사학위를 취득하였으며 현재 경남발전연구원 연구기획조정실장으로 재직하고 있다. 관심분야는 도시 사회 및 도시 성장관리, 사회정책 등이며 주요저서로는 「21세기 지방」(공저, 1999) 등이 있다

＜E-mail: msmin@gndi.re.kr＞